Αναπνέοντας υποβρυχίως: ήχος, τεχνολογία και σώμα στην αυτόνομη κατάδυση
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26248/sport-soc.vi1.1624Keywords:
Scuba diving, individualization, soundscape, technology, body, late modernityAbstract
This article attempts to answer the question how technology and body are articulated in the case of recreational scuba diving, emphasizing underwater breathing. How do technological applications mutate the experience of breathing, within a specific historical and social context, turning a “natural” function into part of a soundscape, shaping particular embodied experiences as techno-experiences? Scuba diving breathing is mediated by the regulator, which supplies the diver with air at a pressure equal to that of the environment, so as to equalize the increased and constantly changing and depth-dependent pressures exerted on the body. Pressure is not felt in breathing. However, the flow of air supplied through the pressure regulator is perceptible. Breathing is also felt and perceived through hearing, thus forming an integral part of the underwater soundscape of scuba divers. The multi-sensory embodied experience of immersion is assisted in our case by the acoustic dimension of breathing, the result of technological and historical-social processes on the one hand that institutionalize scuba diving as a leisure hobby, in recent years as a tourist practice. The acoustics of the breath enhance the sense of travel in an “other world”, at the border of the physical and the socio-cultural on the one hand and the technological and the biological on the other, contributing to an experience of transition while simultaneously functioning as a normal practice of the self in capitalist late modernity.
References
Αλεξιάς, Γ. (2006). Κοινωνιολογία του σώματος. Από τον «Άνθρωπο του Νεάντερνταλ» στον «Εξολοθρευτή». Αθήνα: Ελληνικά Γράμματα.
Μπεκ, Ου. (2015). Kοινωνία της διακινδύνευσης. Καθ’ οδόν προς μια άλλη νεωτερικότητα. Αθήνα: Πεδίο.
Γεωργούλας, Σ. (2010). Η κοινωνία του ελεύθερου χρόνου. Αθήνα: Πεδίο.
Ελίας, Ν. και Ντάνινγκ, Ε. (2010). Αθλητισμός και ελεύθερος χρόνος στην εξέλιξη του πολιτισμού. Επιστημονική επιμέλεια: Π. Κυπριανός. Αθήνα: Κατάρτι.
Νικολακάκης Μ. (2017), Μοντέρνα Κίρκη. Αθήνα: Αλεξάνδρεια.
Χάραγουέη, Ντ.. (2014), Aθρωποειδή, κυβόργια και γυναίκες. Η επανεπινόηση της φύσης. Αθήνα: Αλεξάνδρεια.
Χόντερ, Ι. (2012), Συνύφανση. Μια αρχαιολογία των σχέσεων μεταξύ ανθρώπων και πραγμάτων. Αθήνα: Εκδόσεις του εικοστού πρώτου.
Ολυμπίτου Ε. (2014), Σπογγαλιευτική δραστηριότητα και κοινωνική συγκρότηση στο νησί της Καλύμνου (19ος-20ός αι.). Αθήνα: Εθνικό Ίδρυμα Ερευνών (Ε.Ι.Ε.). Ινστιτούτο Νεοελληνικών Ερευνών.
Μως, Μ. (2004), Κοινωνιολογία και ανθρωπολογία. Αθήνα: Εκδόσεις του εικοστού πρώτου.
Νάζου, Δ. (2022). Κληρονομιά, αρχαιότητες και διαπολιτισμικές «συνοριακές ζώνες» στο Αιγαίο. Η Δήλος και οι τουριστικές γενεαλογίες της. Στο Δ. Νάζου Μ. Νικολακάκης και Μ. Τζανάκης (επιμ.), Ταξίδια χωρίς προορισμό. Κριτικές προσεγγίσεις στις τουριστικές σπουδές. Αθήνα: Νήσος, 2022 (υπό έκδοση).
Τζανάκης, Μ. (2015). Σώμα και εαυτός στην αυτόνομη κατάδυση. Στο Γ. Ζαϊμάκης, Ε. Φουρναράκη, Κοινωνία και αθλητισμός στην Ελλάδα (σελ. 289-324). Αθήνα: Αλεξάνδρεια.
Allen-Conllinson, J. (2010). Feeling the way: Notes toward a haptic phenomenology of distance running and scuba diving. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 13: 330-345.
Bachrach, A. and Egstrom, G. (1987). Stress and performance in diving. San Pedro: Best Publishing.
Bauman, Z. (1997). Postmodernity and its discontents. Cambridge: Polity Press,
Bauman, Z. (2004). Wasted lives: Modernity and its outcasts. Oxford: Polity Press.
Beck, U. (1999). World risk society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bonnet, A., Fernandez, L., Piolat, A., and Pedinielli, J.-L. (2008). Changes in emotional states before and after risk taking in scuba diving. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 2: 25-40.
Cater, C. (2008a). The life aquatic: Scuba Diving and the experiential imperative. Tourism in Marine Environments, 5: 233-244.
Cater, C. (2008b). Perceptions of and interactions with marine environments: Diving attractions from great whites to pygmy seahorses. In B. Garrob and S. Gossling (Eds.), New frontiers in marine tourism (pp. 44-66). Oxford: Elsevier.
Chowdhury, B. (2000). The last dive: A father and son’s fatal descent into the ocean's depths. New York: Harper Collins.
Cousteau, J. and Dumas F. (1953). The silent world. New York: Harperand Brothers.
Defrance, J. (1995). Sociologie du sport. Paris: La Découverte.
Defrance, J. (2011). Sociologiser les transformations des pratiques sportives des années 1970. Sciences Sociales et Sport, 4: 7-10.
Denshire, S. (2014). On auto-ethnography. Current Sociology, 62(6): 831-850.
Denzin, N.K. (2006). Analytic autoethnography, or déjà vu all over again. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 35(4): 419-428.
Dimmock, K. and Ghazali, M. (Eds). (2013). Scuba diving tourism. London: Routledge.
Dimmock, K. and Wilson, E. (2011). “Take a deep breath”: How recreational scuba divers negotiate in-water constraints. Leisure, 35: 283-297.
Dimmock, K. (2009). Finding comfort in adventure: Experiences of recreational SCUBA divers. Leisure Studies, 28: 279-295.
Dimmock, K. (2010). Towards a model of comfort, constraints and negotiation in recreational SCUBA diving. Tourism in Marine Environments, 6: 145-160.
Dimmock, K. and Wilson, E. (2009). Risking comfort? The impact of in-water constraints on recreational scuba diving. Annals of Leisure Research, 12: 173-194.
Dyson, M. (2007). My story in a profession of stories: Autoethnography – an empowering methodology for educators. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 32(1): 36-48.
Ehremberg, A. (1991). Le culte de la performance. Paris: Calmann-Lévy.
Ehremberg, A. (1995). L’individu incertain. Paris: Calmann-Lévy.
Elias, N. (1991). La société des individus. Paris: Fayard.
Ellis, C. and Bochner, A. (2006). Analyzing analytic autoethnography. An autopsy. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 35(4): 429-449.
Featherstone, M. and Burrows, R. (eds) (1995). Cyberspace, cyberbodies, cyberpunk. Cultures of technological embodiment. London: Sage.
Fischer-Rosenthal, W. (2000). Biographical work and biography structuring in present-day societies. In P. Chamberlayne, J. Bornat and T. Wengraf (Eds.), The turn to biographical methods in social science. Comparative issues and examples (pp. 109-125). London: Routledge.
Foret, A. and Martin-Razi, P. (2007). Une histoire de la plongée et des sports subaquatiques. Paris : Subaqua.
Foret, A., and Torres, P. (2012). Plongée plaisir niveaux 1 à 2. Paris: Gap.
Foucault, M. (1984a). Histoire de la sexualité. 3. Le souci de soi. Paris: Gallimard
Foucault, M. (1984b). Histoire de la sexualité. 2. L’usage des plaisirs. Paris : Gallimard.
Foucault, M. (2001). L’herméneutique du sujet (cours au Collège de France 1981-1982). Paris: Gallimard-Seuil.
Foucault, M. (2009). Le gouvernement de soi et des autres (cours au collège de France 1983-1984). Paris: Gallimard-Seuil.
Giddens, A. (1990). The consequences of modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity. London: Polity Press.
Graver, D. (Ed.). (1989). Advanced diving. Technology and techniques. California: N.A.U.I.
Griffiths, J. and Mack, K. (2007). Going to sea: Co-creating the aesthetic dimension of shipboard organizational life. Culture and Organization, 13 (4): 267-281.
Hayano, D. (1979). Auto-ethnography: paradigms, problems and prospects. Human Organization, 38(1): 99-104.
Helmeich, S. (2007). An anthropologist underwater: Immersive soundscapes, submarine cyborgs, and transductive ethnography. American Ethnologist, 34 (4): 621-641.
Holzapfel, R. (1982). Richtig tauchen. Münich-Vienne-Zürich: BLV-Verlagsgesellschaft.
Hunt, J. (1995). ‘Divers’ accounts of normal risk. Symbolic Interaction, 18 (4): 439-462.
Jallat, D. (2011). La construction d’une identité de la planche à voile dans les années 1970-1980 : représentations, jeux et enjeu. Sciences Sociales et Sport, 4: 65- 91.
Kalafatas, M. (2003). The bellstone. The Greek sponge divers of the Aegean. Boston: Brandeis University Press.
Kaufman, J.-C. (1997). Corps de femmes regards d’hommes. Sociologie des seins nus. Paris: Nathan.
Kaufman, J.-C. (2001). Ego. Pour une sociologie de l’individu. Paris: Nathan.
Kaufman, J.-C. (2004). L’invention de soi. Une théorie de l'identité. Paris: Armand Colin.
Kler, B.-K., and Tribe, J. (2012). Flourishing through scuba: Understanding the pursuit of dive experiences. Tourism in marine environments, 8: 19-32.
Lash, C. (1984). The minimal self: Psychic Survival in troubled times. New York, Norton.
Lash, C. (1991) [1979]. The culture of narcissism: American life in an age of diminishing of expectations. New York: Norton.
Michaud, Y. (2006). Visualisations. In J.-J. Courtine (Ed.), Histoire du corps. 3. Les mutations du regard (pp. 417-436). Paris: Seuil.
Moulin, A.-M. (2006). Le corps face à la médecine, In J.-J. Courtine (Ed.), Histoire du corps. 3. Les mutations du regard (pp. 15-69). Paris: Seuil.
Musa, G., Seng, W.-T., Thirumoorthi, T. and Abessi, M. (2010). The influence of scuba divers’ personality, experience, and demographic profile on their underwater behaviour. Tourism in Marine Environments, 7: 1-14.
Paterson, M. (2007). The senses of touch: Haptics, affects, technologies. Oxford: Berg.
Piantadosi, C. (2003). The biology of human survival: Life and death in extreme environments. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Reed-Danahay, D. (1997). Auto/ethnography : Rewriting the self and the social. Berg: Oxford.
Richardson, L. (2000). New writing practices in qualitative research. Sociology of sport journal, 17(1): 5-19.
Rose, N. (1990). Governing the soul. The shaping of the private self. London: Routledge.
Rose, N. (2007). The politics of life itself. Biomedicine, power and subjectivity in the twenty-first century. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Russel, B. (1965). Greek sponge boats in Florida. Anthropological Quarterly, 38 (2): 41-54.
Russel, B. (1967). Kalymnian sponge diving. Human Biology, 39 (2): 103-130.
Russel, B. (1976). Sponge markets of kalymnos. Anthropologica, 18 (1): 81-96.
Schwartz, Y. (2011). Pourquoi le concept de corps-soi ? Corps-soi, activité, expérience. Travail et Apprentissage, 7: 148-177.
Spry, T. (2001). Performing autoethnography : An embodied methodological praxis. Qualitative Inquiry, 7: 706-732.
Strang, V. (2005). Common senses: Water, sensory experiences and the generation of meaning. Journal of Material Culture, 10(1): 92-120.
Straughan, E. (2007). Touched by water: The body in scuba diving. Emotion, Space and Society, 5: 19-26.
Sykes, H., Chapman, J., & Swedberg, A. (2005). Performed ethnography. In Andrews, D., Mason, D., & Silk M. Qualitative methods in sports studies (pp. 185-202). Oxford-New York: Berg.
Travailot, Y. (1998). Sociologie des pratiques d’entretien du corps. Paris: P.U.F.
Tzanakis, M. (2016). Nature, corps et soi sous la surface de la mer. La plongée sous-marine comme pratique de soi, Loisir et Société/Society & Leisure, 39(3): 451-466, 2016
Urry, J. (1990). The tourist gaze: leisure and travel in contemporary societies. London: Sage
Vigarello, G. (2001) [1978]. Le corps redressé. Histoire d’un pouvoir pédagogique. Paris: Armand Colin.
Vigarello, G. (2005). Hygiène du corps et travail des apparences, In A. Corbin (Ed.), Histoire du corps. 2. De la Révolution à la Grande Guerre (pp. 299-312). Paris: Seuil.
Vigarello, G. (2006). S’entraîner. Le corps face à la médecine. In J.-J. Courtine (Ed.), Histoire du corps. 3. Les mutations du regard (pp. 163-197). Paris: Seuil.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.